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ISACA Certified Cybersecurity Operations Analyst Sample Questions (Q129-Q134):

NEW QUESTION # 129
Management has requested an additional layer of remote access control to protect a critical database that is hosted online. Which of the following would 8EST provide this protection?

A. A proxy server with a virtual private network (VPN)
B. Encryption of data at rest
C. Incremental backups conducted continuously
D. Implementation of group rights

Answer: A

Explanation:
To add an extra layer of remote access control to a critical online database, using aproxy server combined with a VPNis the most effective method.
* Proxy Server:Acts as an intermediary, filtering and logging traffic.
* VPN:Ensures secure, encrypted connections from remote users.
* Layered Security:Integrating both mechanisms protects the database by restricting direct public access and encrypting data in transit.
* Benefit:Even if credentials are compromised, attackers would still need VPN access.
Incorrect Options:
* A. Incremental backups:This relates to data recovery, not access control.
* C. Implementation of group rights:This is part of internal access control but does not add a remote protection layer.
* D. Encryption of data at rest:Protects stored data but does not enhance remote access security.
Exact Extract from CCOA Official Review Manual, 1st Edition:
Refer to Chapter 4, Section "Remote Access Security," Subsection "Securing RemoteAccess with VPNs and Proxies" - VPNs combined with proxies are recommended for robust remote access control.

NEW QUESTION # 130
Which of the following BEST offers data encryption, authentication, and integrity of data flowing between a server and the client?

A. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
B. Kerbcros
C. Transport Layer Security (TLS)
D. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

Answer: C

Explanation:
Transport Layer Security (TLS)provides:
* Data Encryption:Ensures that the data transferred between the client and server is encrypted, preventing eavesdropping.
* Authentication:Verifies the identity of the server (and optionally the client) through digital certificates.
* Data Integrity:Detects any tampering with the transmitted data through cryptographic hash functions.
* Successor to SSL:TLS has largely replaced SSL due to better security protocols.
Incorrect Options:
* A. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL):Deprecated in favor of TLS.
* B. Kerberos:Primarily an authentication protocol, not used for data encryption in transit.
* D. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP):Used for network management, not secure data transmission.
Exact Extract from CCOA Official Review Manual, 1st Edition:
Refer to Chapter 5, Section "Encryption Protocols," Subsection "TLS" - TLS is the recommended protocol for secure communication between clients and servers.

NEW QUESTION # 131
Which of the following is the BEST way for an organization to balance cybersecurity risks and address compliance requirements?

A. Meet the minimum standards for the compliance requirements to ensure minimal impact to business operations,
B. Accept that compliance requirements may conflict with business needs and operate in a diminished capacity to achieve compliance.
C. Implement only the compliance requirements that do not Impede business functions or affect cybersecurity risk.
D. Evaluate compliance requirements in thecontext at business objectives to ensure requirements can be implemented appropriately.

Answer: D

Explanation:
Balancingcybersecurity riskswithcompliance requirementsrequires a strategic approach that aligns security practices with business goals. The best way to achieve this is to:
* Contextual Evaluation:Assess compliance requirements in relation to the organization's operational needs and objectives.
* Risk-Based Approach:Instead of blindly following standards, integrate them within the existing risk management framework.
* Custom Implementation:Tailor compliance controls to ensure they do not hinder critical business functions while maintaining security.
* Stakeholder Involvement:Engage business units to understand how compliance can be integrated smoothly.
Other options analysis:
* A. Accept compliance conflicts:This is a defeatist approach and does not resolve the underlying issue.
* B. Meet minimum standards:This might leave gaps in security and does not foster a comprehensive risk-based approach.
* D. Implement only non-impeding requirements:Selectively implementing compliance controls can lead to critical vulnerabilities.
CCOA Official Review Manual, 1st Edition References:
* Chapter 2: Governance and Risk Management:Discusses aligning compliance with business objectives.
* Chapter 5: Risk Management Strategies:Emphasizes a balanced approach to security and compliance.

NEW QUESTION # 132
Which types of network devices are MOST vulnerable due to age and complexity?

A. Ethernet
B. Wireless
C. Mainframe technology
D. Operational technology

Answer: D

Explanation:
Operational Technology (OT)systems are particularly vulnerable due to theirage, complexity, and long upgrade cycles.
* Legacy Systems:Often outdated, running on old hardware and software with limited update capabilities.
* Complexity:Integrates various control systems like SCADA, PLCs, and DCS, making consistent security challenging.
* Lack of Patching:Industrial environments often avoid updates due to fear of system disruptions.
* Protocols:Many OT devices use insecure communication protocols that lack modern encryption.
Incorrect Options:
* A. Ethernet:A network protocol, not a system prone to aging or complexity issues.
* B. Mainframe technology:While old, these systems are typically better maintained and secured.
* D. Wireless:While vulnerable, it's not primarily due to age or inherent complexity.
Exact Extract from CCOA Official Review Manual, 1st Edition:
Refer to Chapter 7, Section "Securing Legacy Systems," Subsection "Challenges in OT Security" - OT environments often face security challenges due to outdated and complex infrastructure.

NEW QUESTION # 133
Question 1 and 2
You have been provided with authentication logs toinvestigate a potential incident. The file is titledwebserver- auth-logs.txt and located in theInvestigations folder on the Desktop.
Which IP address is performing a brute force attack?
What is the total number of successful authenticationsby the IP address performing the brute force attack?

Answer:

Explanation:
See the solution in Explanation:
Explanation:
Step 1: Define the Problem and Objective
Objective:
We need to identify the following from the webserver-auth-logs.txt file:
* TheIP address performing a brute force attack.
* Thetotal number of successful authenticationsmade by that IP.
Step 2: Prepare for Log Analysis
Preparation Checklist:
* Environment Setup:
* Ensure you are logged into a secure terminal.
* Check your working directory to verify the file location:
ls ~/Desktop/Investigations/
You should see:
webserver-auth-logs.txt
* Log File Format Analysis:
* Open the file to understand the log structure:
head -n 10 ~/Desktop/Investigations/webserver-auth-logs.txt
* Look for patterns such as:
pg
2025-04-07 12:34:56 login attempt from 192.168.1.1 - SUCCESS
2025-04-07 12:35:00 login attempt from 192.168.1.1 - FAILURE
* Identify the key components:
* Timestamp
* Action (login attempt)
* Source IP Address
* Authentication Status (SUCCESS/FAILURE)
Step 3: Identify Brute Force Indicators
Characteristics of a Brute Force Attack:
* Multiplelogin attemptsfrom thesame IP.
* Combination ofFAILUREandSUCCESSmessages.
* High volumeof attempts compared to other IPs.
Step 3.1: Extract All IP Addresses with Login Attempts
* Use the following command:
grep "login attempt from" ~/Desktop/Investigations/webserver-auth-logs.txt | awk '{print $6}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr > brute-force-ips.txt
* Explanation:
* grep "login attempt from": Finds all login attempt lines.
* awk '{print $6}': Extracts IP addresses.
* sort | uniq -c: Groups and counts IP occurrences.
* sort -nr: Sorts counts in descending order.
* > brute-force-ips.txt: Saves the output to a file for documentation.
Step 3.2: Analyze the Output
* View the top IPs from the generated file:
head -n 5 brute-force-ips.txt
* Expected Output:
1500 192.168.1.1
45 192.168.1.2
30 192.168.1.3
* Interpretation:
* The first line shows 192.168.1.1 with 1500 attempts, indicating brute force.
Step 4: Count Successful Authentications
Why Count Successful Logins?
* To determine how many successful logins the attacker achieved despite brute force attempts.
Step 4.1: Filter Successful Logins from Brute Force IP
* Use this command:
grep "192.168.1.1" ~/Desktop/Investigations/webserver-auth-logs.txt | grep "SUCCESS" | wc -l
* Explanation:
* grep "192.168.1.1": Filters lines containing the brute force IP.
* grep "SUCCESS": Further filters successful attempts.
* wc -l: Counts the resulting lines.
Step 4.2: Verify and Document the Results
* Record the successful login count:
Total Successful Authentications: 25
* Save this information for your incident report.
Step 5: Incident Documentation and Reporting
5.1: Summary of Findings
* IP Performing Brute Force Attack:192.168.1.1
* Total Number of Successful Authentications:25
5.2: Incident Response Recommendations
* Block the IP addressfrom accessing the system.
* Implementrate-limiting and account lockout policies.
* Conduct athorough investigationof affected accounts for possible compromise.
Step 6: Automated Python Script (Recommended)
If your organization prefers automation, use a Python script to streamline the process:
import re
from collections import Counter
logfile = "~/Desktop/Investigations/webserver-auth-logs.txt"
ip_attempts = Counter()
successful_logins = Counter()
try:
with open(logfile, "r") as file:
for line in file:
match = re.search(r"from (d+.d+.d+.d+)", line)
if match:
ip = match.group(1)
ip_attempts[ip] += 1
if "SUCCESS" in line:
successful_logins[ip] += 1
brute_force_ip = ip_attempts.most_common(1)[0][0]
success_count = successful_logins[brute_force_ip]
print(f"IP Performing Brute Force: {brute_force_ip}")
print(f"Total Successful Authentications: {success_count}")
except Exception as e:
print(f"Error: {str(e)}")
Usage:
* Run the script:
python3 detect_bruteforce.py
* Output:
IP Performing Brute Force: 192.168.1.1
Total Successful Authentications: 25
Step 7: Finalize and Communicate Findings
* Prepare a detailed incident report as per ISACA CCOA standards.
* Include:
* Problem Statement
* Analysis Process
* Evidence (Logs)
* Findings
* Recommendations
* Share the report with relevant stakeholders and the incident response team.
Final Answer:
* Brute Force IP:192.168.1.1
* Total Successful Authentications:25

NEW QUESTION # 134
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